Literature, classified.
Reviews, guidelines, methods papers and clinical trials that underpin our profiles. Every paper carries a statement of evidence type. Preclinical findings are not statements about use in humans.
- 2026
Thymosin beta-4 and TB-500 in tissue healing, regeneration, and musculoskeletal repair: a scoping review
McGuire F., Hughes E., Maak T., Cushman D. M. · Applied Sciences
Evaluation of 80 studies on thymosin β4 and TB-500. The evidence is predominantly in vitro and in animals, mostly concerns the full-length protein and hardly the fragment; human data on tendons and ligaments are largely absent.
- 2025
Multifunctionality and possible medical application of the BPC 157 peptide: literature and patent review
Józwiak M., Bauer M., Kamysz W., Kleczkowska P. · Pharmaceuticals
Literature and patent review of the pentadecapeptide BPC 157. The data evaluated come predominantly from preclinical models; the authors stress the lack of clinical evidence.
- 2023
ICH Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) · ICH Quality Guidelines
International guideline on the validation of analytical procedures. Defines criteria such as specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity.
- 2022
Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions
Wang L., Wang N., Zhang W. et al. · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
Overview of the development, manufacture and modification of peptides and of the research fields in which they are studied.
- 2021
Trends in peptide drug discovery
Muttenthaler M., King G. F., Adams D. J., Alewood P. F. · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
Comprehensive overview of the development of peptide-based drugs, from discovery and design strategies to the challenges of stability and delivery.
- 2021
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and wound healing
Seiwerth S., Milavic M., Vukojevic J. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology
Review of findings on BPC 157 in wound models (incisions, burns, diabetic ulcers) in rats and mice; mechanisms via the NO system and angiogenesis are discussed.
- 2019
The discovery and development of liraglutide and semaglutide
Knudsen L. B., Lau J. · Frontiers in Endocrinology
Development history of two long-acting GLP-1 analogues from the developers' perspective. Describes the structural modifications (Aib8, Arg34, C18 diacid on Lys26) and their influence on half-life and receptor activity.
- 2018
Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data
Pickart L., Margolina A. · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Review of five decades of research on GHK-Cu, from cell culture through animal models to topical human studies, supplemented by gene expression data from the Connectivity Map dataset.
- 2014
Related impurities in peptide medicines
D'Hondt M., Bracke N., Taevernier L., Gevaert B., Verbeke F., Wynendaele E., De Spiegeleer B. · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
Systematic classification of impurities in synthetic peptides by origin: synthesis, degradation of the peptide, and interaction with excipients.
- 2010
Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update
Manning M. C., Chou D. K., Murphy B. M., Payne R. W., Katayama D. S. · Pharmaceutical Research
Overview of chemical and physical degradation pathways of peptides and proteins such as deamidation, oxidation and aggregation, and of stabilising measures.